Diorama, Founding Los Angeles, 1781

The first Black settlers in what is now the western United States were Spanish speakers who came north from what is now central Mexico. Their roots there began in 1519, when Black men were among the Spanish conquistadores who invaded and destroyed the Aztec Empire, replacing it with a new empire, Colonial New Spain.

Soon afterward, far more Africans arrived in Mexico as enslaved people. From 1519 to 1810, approximately 500,000 enslaved Africans were involuntarily imported into Colonial New Spain. Most came from the Upper Guinea coast in West Africa, the Ashanti Empire, or Yoruba and Igbo states in what is now Nigeria, and from Central African nations such as Kongo and Angola. In contrast, an estimated 388,000 enslaved Africans were brought to mainland British North America.

While the enslaved Africans in the British colonies remained a distinct population, the vast majority of the enslaved Africans brought to New Spain intermarried with Spaniards and the much larger Indian population to create a racially mixed population. According to the 1742  census of New Spain, 266,196 mulattoes outnumbered 249,368 mestizos but both groups trailed the 391,512 criollos (people of unmixed Spanish ancestry) and all three groups combined trailed the 1.5 million Indians in the colony.

Nonetheless these racially mixed persons, many of African ancestry, were a significant and recognizable segment of New Spain’s population…